| COC : Cocaine derived from the leaves of the coca plant,
is a potent central nervous system stimulant, and has been used as a local
anesthetic. Cocaine use induces euphoria, confidence, and a sense of increased
energy; these psychological effects are accompanied by increased heart rate,
pupil dilation, fever, tremors, and sweating. Cocaine is generally smoked
or administered intravenously or orally. Cocaine base can be smoked in the
form commonly known as “crack”, which is likely to lead to dependence
since the effect is more rapid and heightened. Cocaine is primarily excreted
as benzoylecgonine and can generally be detected for 24–60 hours after
cocaine use or exposure |
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| OPI: Heroin, morphine and codeine are opiates that are derived
from the resin of the opium poppy. Heroin is quickly metabolized to morphine.
Thus, morphine and morphine glucuronide may both be found in the urine of
a person who has taken only heroin. The body also converts codeine to morphine.
Thus, the presence of morphine (or morphine metabolite) in the urine indicates
heroin, morphine and/or codeine use. Generally, morphine and other opiates
can be detected in the urine within 2 to 6 hours after use and remains detectable
up to 3 days. However, the length of time following drug use for which a positive
result may occur is dependent upon several factors including the frequency
and amount of usage, metabolic rate, excretion rate, drug half-life, and the
drug user’s age, weight, activity and diet. |
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| MET: Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth, Crank, Ice, Glass, Speed)
is a potent sympathomimetic agent with therapeutic applications. Methamphetamine
use in acute higher doses leads to enhanced stimulation of the central nervous
system and induce euphoria, alertness, and a sense of increased energy and
power. Methamphetamine is excreted in the urine as amphetamine and oxidized
as deaminated derivatives. However, 40% of methamphetamine is excreted unchanged.
Thus the presence of the parent compound in the urine indicates methamphetamine
use. Methamphetamine can be detected in the urine within 4-6 hours after use
and for 3-5 days, depending on urine pH level. |
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| THC: (Marijuana, Hash, Weed, Pot, Grass) THC use may impair
short-term memory and inhibit learning capacity. It may also alter mood and
sensory perceptions, cause loss of coordination, induce anxiety, paranoia,
hallucinations, depression, confusion, and increased heart rate. A tolerance
to the cardiac and psychotropic effects can occur. Long-term THC use may be
associated with behavioral disorders. Withdrawal from marijuana use may produce
restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, and nausea. Depending on the persons metabolism,
weight and usage it can remain detectable from a week for occasional use to
several weeks for heavy use. |
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AMP: (Prescription Stimulants) Amphetamine is chemically
related to the human body’s natural catecholamines, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine. It has therapeutic applications and is a potent sympathomimetic
agent. Amphetamine use in acute higher doses leads to enhanced stimulation
of the central nervous system and induces euphoria, alertness, reduced appetite,
and a sense of increased energy and power. Generally about 30% of amphetamine
is excreted unchanged in 24-hour urine and can be detected for up to 5 days. |
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PCP: Phencyclidine is an arychlohexylamine that is used
as a veterinary anesthetic. It is used illegally as a hallucinogen, and is
commonly referred to as PCP, angel dust, crystal cyclone, love boat, hog,
or killer weed. PCP can produce lethargy, disorientation, and loss of coordination,
visual distortion, euphoria, ataxia, and even coma. PCP can be taken orally,
by nasal ingestion, smoking, or intravenous injection. It is metabolized in
the liver and excreted through the kidneys. The half-life of phencyclidine
is about three days. |
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BZO: (Prescription Downers, Valium, Xanax, Ativan) Benzodiazepines
are anxiolytic drugs that are most widely prescribed and used as anti-anxiety
agents. They are also used as hypnotics, muscle relaxants and anti-convulsants.
Some metabolites of Benzodiazepines also exhibit pharmacological activities.
Use of Benzodiazepines can result in drowsiness and confusion; it also increases
the effects of alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Psychological
and physical dependence on benzodiazepines can develop if higher doses of
the drug are given over a prolonged period. Benzodiazepines are taken orally
or by injection. The drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the
urine as the parent compound or as oxazepam (in the case of chlorodiazepoxide
and diazepam). Oxazepam is detectable in the urine for up to 7 days. |
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BAR: (Prescription Downers) Barbiturates are a class of
central nervous system depressants. Phenobarbital has been used as a daytime
sedative and extensively as an anticonvulsant. Phenobarbital is an example
of long acting barbiturate derivative while Pentobarbital and Secobarbital
are examples of short acting barbiturate sedatives. Barbiturate abuse can
lead not only to impaired motor coordination and mental disorder, but also
to respiratory collapse, coma and even death. Short acting barbiturates will
generally be excreted in urine as metabolites, while long acting barbiturates
will primarily appear unchanged. Barbiturates normally remain detectable in
urine for 4 to 6 days after use (up to 30 days for Phenobarbital). |
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BUP: Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic often used in the treatment of opioid addiction. The drug is sold under the trade names Subutex, Buprenex, Temgesic and Suboxone, which contain Buprenorphine alone or combination with Naloxone HCL. Therapeutically, Buprenorphine is used as a substitution treatment for opioid addicts. Substitution treatment is a form of medical care offered to opiate addicts based on a similar or identical substance to the drug normally used. In substitution therapy, Buprenorphine is as effective as Methadone but demonstrates a lower level of physical dependence. It can be detected for approximately 2 to 4 days in urine. |
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MTD: Methadone is a synthetic analgesic drug that is originally
used for the treatment of narcotic addiction. Methadone use induced psychological
effects such as analgesia, sedation and respiratory depression. Overdose of
methadone may cause coma or even death. Methadone is taken orally or intravenously
and is metabolized in the liver. The major route of methadone excretion is
in the urine. The effects of methadone last up to 24 hours after use and can
be detected in the urine up to 14 days. The length of time following drug
use for which a positive result may occur is dependent upon several factors
including the frequency and amount of drug, metabolic rate, excretion rate,
drug half-life, and the user’s age, weight, activity and diet. |
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MDMA: 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) The drug
has street names that include "Ecstasy, XTC, Clarity, Essence and Adam"
and is a synthetic drug that is chemically related to the amphetamine family
of compounds. MDMA has been available as a street drug since the 1980s; however,
since the 1990s its use has increased, particularly among teenagers and young
adults. MDMA is typically available in tablet form containing appropriately
60-150 milligrams of MDMA. The common method of use is oral ingestion, although
the powder form can be snorted and occasionally smoked. MDMA has properties
of both stimulants and hallucinogens. The effects of the drug last up to 6
hours after oral ingestion. The adverse effects include elevated blood pressure,
increased heart rate, hyperthermia, dehydration, anxiety, paranoia and insomnia.
The detection period of MDMA in urine is 1-3 days for single use and up to
5 days for heavy use. |
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OXY: (Percocet, Oxycontin, Percodan) Oxycodone is a synthetic
analgesic drug administered orally for the relief of pain. The major route
of oxycodone excretion is in the urine. The effects of oxycodone last up to
4 hours after use. The length of time following drug use for which a positive
result may occur is dependent upon several factors including the frequency
and amount of usage, metabolic rate, excretion rate, drug half-life, and the
drug user’s age, weight, activity, and diet. |
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TCA: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a type of prescription
drugs used for the treatment of depressive disorders. Tricyclic Antidepressants
consist of two main chemical classes. The tertiary amines boost serotonin
levels and are usually prescribed for insomnia, irritability and overstimulation;
these include amitryptiline, imipramine, trimipramine and doxepin. The secondary
amines, which include nortryptiline, desipramine and protryptiline, enhance
norepinephrine levels and are prescribed for fatigue; withdrawal and inertness.TCA
abuse can result in respiratory depression, convulsions, blood pressure deviation,
severe cardiac conditions, and coma. TCAs are taken orally or sometimes by
injection. TCAs are excreted in the urine mostly in the form of metabolites
for up to ten days. |
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